![rainbow rainbow tm network rar rainbow rainbow tm network rar](http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_UjRpW1RlbC0/RrNpgZ7V6HI/AAAAAAAABuA/wEJ7-GRz3pE/s280/carolf.jpg)
The involvement of nucleated RBCs in the immune response has been demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, RBCs contain transcriptome machinery that plays an active role in the immune response against viral infections ( 2). In contrast to mammalian RBCs, fish RBCs are nucleated and contain organelles in their cytoplasm ( 5). A particular area of interest is the role that nucleated red blood cells (RBCs) play as immune cell mediators ( 2– 4). For that reason, efforts have been made to understand the fish antiviral immune response over the last few decades. Piscine infectious diseases, especially viral infections, cause significant losses globally, which implies a negative impact on aquaculture industry. However, differences between the fish immune system and that of mammals complicate the extrapolation of knowledge, thus limiting our ability to control infectious diseases in fish. The fish immune system is characterized by an active innate immune system that is of primary importance in combating infections ( 1). In summary, rainbow trout nucleated RBCs could be actively participating in the regulation of the fish immune response to GVHSV DNA vaccine, and thus may represent a possible carrier cells for the development of new vaccine approaches. Conditioned medium of GVHSV-transfected RBCs conferred antiviral protection and induced ifn1 and mx gene expression in RTG-2 cells infected with VHSV. Proteomic profile functional network analysis of GVHSV-transfected RBCs revealed proteins involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species, interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) antiviral mechanisms, antigen presentation of exogenous peptides, and the proteasome.
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RAINBOW RAINBOW TM NETWORK RAR RAR
Functional network analysis of transcriptome profiling of RBCs expressing GVHSV revealed changes in gene expression related to G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)-downstream signaling, complement activation, and RAR related orphan receptor α (RORA). We show for the first time that rainbow trout RBCs express gpG of viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) (GVHSV) when transfected with the DNA vaccine ex vivo and modulate the expression of immune genes and proteins. In this study, we investigated the role of fish RBCs in immune responses induced by DNA vaccines. However, more knowledge about the immune response triggered by DNA immunization is necessary to develop novel and more effective strategies. DNA vaccines (based on the rhabdoviral glycoprotein G gene) have been shown to be effective against fish rhabdoviruses. So far, one of the best strategies to control and prevent viral diseases in aquaculture is DNA immunization.